The agricultural development on Taveuni Island is increasingly conflicting with the need to safeguard its natural environment. The expansion of farming activities, especially in the Taveuni Forest Reserve and Ravilevu Nature Reserve for crops like dalo and yaqona, poses a risk to the ecosystem services provided by these areas, particularly in terms of watershed protection. This could potentially lead the island into a significant crisis.
The reserves, which are bounded by a Blue Line, are among Fiji’s largest conservation areas. The Taveuni Forest Reserve, established in 1914, spans 11,291 hectares, while the Ravilevu Nature Reserve covers 4,019 hectares and was established in 1959. Additionally, the Bouma National Heritage Park, created in 1991, is designated for the conservation of biodiversity and natural processes.
However, as farmers venture further inland seeking fertile soil, parts of the reserves have been cleared illegally. This deforestation has resulted in diminished forest cover in vital water catchment areas, leading to locations like Vuna experiencing dry streams.
Maleli Nakasava, a senior official from the Ministry of Fisheries and Forests, noted that some farms in the Vuna district have crossed into the reserve boundaries, negatively impacting the area’s water systems. He indicated that continued encroachment could eventually threaten the entire island, stating, “We’re nearing the point of needing to forcibly remove people and their farms from the reserve.”
The island’s freshwater ecosystems, crucial to tourism, are also at risk. Lake Tagimoucia, situated 800 meters above sea level, is famed for its unique biodiversity and the endemic Tagimoucia flower. Satellite imagery has revealed a reduction in lake levels and wetland vegetation, particularly after the 2016 drought and Tropical Cyclone Winston.
Climate change adds further pressure to unsustainable agricultural practices. Striking a balance between environmental conservation and economic development remains a daunting challenge for Taveuni. Nakasava stressed that the island’s income from tourism largely depends on attractions like the Tagimoucia flower and any deterioration of these resources would significantly impact local livelihoods.
Chairman of the Taveuni Advisory Council for Delaivuna farmers, Ram Sidal, remarked that many farmers, often from outside the island, prioritize income over the protection of natural reserves, while local farmers typically understand the importance of adhering to regulations.
While accountability is often sought among various stakeholders, a consensus emerges on the necessity of safeguarding the reserves for climate resilience and the island’s future. Silas Reddy, a local farmer, advocated for solutions benefiting both the environment and local economies, suggesting the introduction of marketable crops that sustain farmer income without further damaging the land.
Many farmers acknowledge the existence of the Blue Line boundary, although they lack clear knowledge of its location. Following Cyclone Winston, the physical markers for the boundary were damaged, and forest wardens were appointed to help maintain these demarcations and educate the community about the reserves.
Forest warden Maravu Ligani expressed concern over the loss of native trees and the harmful effects of chemicals in farming near the reserves. He underscored the need for ongoing monitoring and care to restore the damaged ecosystem.
The Ministry is collaborating with various authorities to enforce forest protection laws and implement projects focused on agroforestry and reforestation to protect the buffer zones around the reserves. Efforts include training farmers in sustainable practices and helping communities raise seedlings for replanting initiatives.
The PEBACC+ Project, aimed at enhancing resilience against climate change, highlights the importance of preserving primary forest cover to maintain the water cycle and prevent shortages. The initiative has already gained consent from multiple communities for reforestation efforts and is working towards building local capacities.
Overall, the project emphasizes regional collaboration, engaging various stakeholders to develop sustainable ecosystem management practices across nations, ensuring that both people and nature can thrive in Taveuni and beyond.